在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句,定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词;定语从句一般由关系代词或关系副词来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起到连接作用,同时又作从句中的一个成分。
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1.who, whom, whose,that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
(1)Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
(2)He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2.Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如:
(1)They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
(2)Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3.which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
(1)A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
农村出现了前所未 有的繁荣。(which/that在从句中作主语)
(2)The package which/that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你拿的包快散了。(which/that 在从句中作宾语)
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1.when, where,why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构,因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。
(1)There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
(2)Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
(3)Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2.that代替关系副词
(1)that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句,在非正式文体中that常被省略(正式文体中不可省略),例如:
(2)His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
(3)He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。